Pneumoniae, form diplococci (two bacteria together). Streptococcal microorganisms typically form cocci in chains. However, they have now been reclassified to an independent genus. Traditionally, enterococcal microorganisms were classified as beta-haemolytic group D streptococci. Beta-haemolytic bacteria are further divided based on Lancefield grouping. The two major groups are alpha- and beta-haemolytic. Streptococcal microorganisms are divided by their haemolytic properties. Streptococcal classification is more complex and bacteria are broadly divided into three groups: alpha-, beta- and gamma-haemolytic. Streptococcal microorganisms cause a wide range of clinically relevant infections. Management depends on resistant patterns and allergy status, but options typically include flucloxacillin (MSSA) or vancomycin (CoNS, MRSA).
GRAM POSITIVE VS GRAM NEGATIVE CLUSTER SKIN
Widespread blistering rash with exfoliation of skin.However, 50% cases now unrelated to menses.Classically following infected ‘lost tampon’ used during menses.Diffuse erythematous rash, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, desquamation of palms and soles with septic shock.Staphylococcus can release an exotoxin leading to specific infections including acute gastroenteritis, toxic shock syndrome and scalded skin syndrome. Endocarditis (often in association with IVDU).Typical infections associated with Staphylococcus include: They live harmlessly on the skin of 1 in 3 people. LocationsĬommon locations include skin, mouth, nose and throat. Staphylococcal microorganisms form cocci in clusters. However, they can cause significant infections in patients with indwelling foreign material (i.e. This is because they are commonly found on the skin. They are usually detected when there is contamination during blood sampling. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS)ĬoNS consists of a group of > 40 microorganisms that are generally considered together in clinical practice.Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant: MRSA).Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive: MSSA).There are three main types of Staph to be aware of: Staphylococcal infections are common and are divided into coagulase-positive (e.g. NOTE: Some bacteria do not have a cell wall (e.g. When broken down and released into the circulation, lipid A stimulates a profound inflammatory response that can lead to septic shock. LPS is the key feature of gram negative organisms that contains lipid A. Beneath the outer membrane is a smaller peptidoglycan layer compared to gram positive organisms and then the cell membrane.
Gram-negative organisms: have an outer cell membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Underneath the peptidoglycan layers is the cell membrane. Gram-positive organisms: have a thick peptidoglycan layer composed of polysaccharides and charged amino acids interlaced with other major polymers like teichoic acid.These are the two major groups of bacteria. The cell wall differs depending on whether the organisms is gram-positive or gram-negative. The cell wall forms the outer aspect of bacteria, which protects it against host immune defences and external osmotic pressures. The general structure of a bacterium includes the cell wall, cell membrane, capsule, flagella, fimbriae, nuclear material, cytoplasm and other intracellular components.
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